Russo-Japanese War Causes, Consequences and World War 1: The Great Game
● Summary
If you're studying East Asian history and Korean history, this is a word you've probably heard once. It's the "Russo-Japanese War." To give you a brief account of the causes of this war:
1. From the 19th to the early 20th century, "The Great Game" between Britain and Russia led to the Russo-Japanese War.
2. Russia wanted a port that would not freeze in the winter, and Japan needed to invade the Korean Peninsula and Manchuria in order to invade the continent in East Asia.
3. Japan forcibly returns to the Qing Dynasty the "Peninsula of Assistance" that it took away due to the victory of the Sino-Japanese War under Russian pressure. And by obtaining huge reparations, they mistakenly think that "war = a business that becomes money".
Now let me explain in detail.
● The Great Game of the 19th and Early 20th Centuries (Russia Wanted a Port That Won't Freeze)
As the world enters the 19th century, many things have changed. In particular, there has been a great deal of activity by the imperialist states of Europe invading and colonizing Asia and Africa. This behavior is called "The Great Game" after the satire that the European powers play the game of eating the land.
And at the heart of The Great Game were two countries. It is "Britain" and "Russia".
Britain knew that they had to take control of the ocean to rule the world. So they took control of the important maritime areas of each region.
It controlled the "Strait of Gibraltar" on the European continent, the "Suez Canal" on the African continent, "India" in Asia, and "Australia, New Zealand" in the Oceania region.
Russia also knew that it could only grow into a world hegemony if it took control of the seas, but it was not easy. Most of the seas directly bordering Russia are areas that freeze in the winter.
The less freezing sea area was not easy to advance into, as the British already had control of the seafront.
Based on Moscow, the west is blocked by the British mainland, and the south by the British colonial India. Russia attempted to move beyond Central Asia and into the Indian Ocean in the 1880s, but failed because Britain interfered.
Russia is troubled. Where to go to secure a sea that does not freeze? Then he turns his eyes to the Far East. And transportation to get to the Far East becomes necessary.
Russia increased the need to move goods smoothly from the then capital "St. Petersburg" to Russia's southernmost city of "Vladivostok", so they began to build the Siberian Railway, with a total length of 9000 km.
With the construction of the Siberian Railway, Russia will have an easy way to advance into the Far East. Russia's southernmost city, "Vladivostok", is also not a port that does not freeze in winter, so Russia wants to occupy a different region. It is "Manchuria" and "Joseon".
A good example of this Russian desire is the visit of Prince "Nikolai II" during his visit to Japan in 1893. Among the many fleets on which the Russian prince was on board at the time were ships named "Manchuria" and "Koreitz".
At the time, there was a Japanese far-right figure who was unhappy with Russia's behavior. It is the Japanese "write" Shunsa who guards the Russian Prince.
He swung a knife at the Russian prince, who suffered a serious wound of 9 cm on the head. The Russo-Japanese War could have happened early, but fortunately the Japanese king, the government, and the people apologized profusely, and the incident calmed down.
But Japan couldn't deal with Russia, but it had anger inside.
In any case, the Russians were greedy for a port that did not freeze enough to give their fleet the names "Manchuria" and "Koreyetz".
● The Sino-Japanese War, Russia, Germany, and French interference, and the return of the Peninsula
Japan won the war against the Qing Dynasty between 1894 and 1895. In the process, it takes away Japan's 4-year budget of 200 million dollars and its territory. Among them was the "Urinary Peninsula".
The purpose for which Japan took the "Peninsula of the Peninsula" from the Qing Dynasty was because of its desire to invade mainland China in earnest. Because the urinary peninsula is attached to Manchuria, it is because it can control Manchuria. This is because at that time, the Qing Dynasty's national power was much weakened, and Manchuria was not properly controlled.
However, there were countries where Japan hated the act of subtracting the "Peninsula of the Peninsula". It's "Russia".
Russia did not want Japan to take away one of the most desired non-freezing port candidates, the "Peninsula of the Peninsula."
So Russia presses Japan. Even with friends. It's "Germany", "France".
As the three countries are pressuring the Qing Dynasty to return the "Peninsula of Rock" back to the Qing Dynasty, the Japanese government is considering three ways to resolve the situation.
1. It's about going to war with Russia. However, it was not long after the end of the war with the Qing Dynasty, and it was obvious that the war was dangerous again. So this agenda is abolished.
2. How to ask the UK to mediate. Then I think Russia can make some concessions. By the way, the UK refuses Japan's request to mediate. Eventually, the agenda is also repealed.
3. The last is to accommodate Russia's demands. Japan has no power, so we can't help it. Instead, they receive more reparations, and return the "Fairy Companion Degrees" to the Qing Dynasty.
Japan hates Russia even more for its interference with its invasion of the continent through this incident. Still, Russia is stronger than Japan.
● Japanese brutality: Murder of the Queen of Joseon
With Russia and Japan in a confrontation in the Far East, the Korean government is attracting Russian forces to keep Japan in check.
As a result, Japan chooses the illegal method, fearing losing its influence over shipbuilding. He wants to kill the "Empress of Fame", the queen of Joseon who claims to be best friends with Russia at the time.
In 1895, Japanese police, soldiers, and gangsters, centered on Japan's far-right elite politicians, invaded Seoul's Gyeongbok Palace and killed the Queen of Joseon.
At the time, Japan intended to disguise the incident as a coup d'état that took place on its own inside the country. If they did, they thought they would be able to evade Japan's responsibilities and drive out the Russian forces.
Eventually, however, Japan's brutality entered the world. Countries around the world, including the United States, the United Kingdom, France, and Russia, will criticize Japan.
When Western nations decided that Japan, which they thought was a civilized nation, was a barbarian nation, Japan had no choice but to put to trial the perpetrators of the murder of the Queen of Joseon.
However, the punishment was not meted out. The perpetrators of the assassination are acquitted in Japan due to insufficient evidence. The ridiculous thing that even happens later on is that you even get promoted.
And as the threat of assassination by the king of Joseon, "Gojong", grows from Japan, he eventually flees to a Russian legation in Joseon.
It was complete luck from the Russian point of view, and bad luck from the Japanese point of view. Japan did something illegal, but its influence on Korea diminished, and only Russia's influence on Korea grew.
● Alien Exclusion of the Qing Dynasty: Nan of the Flower Troupe, Russia's Occupation of Manchuria
The Qing Dynasty regains the "Peninsula of the Peninsula", which was taken away with the help of Russia in 1895. However, the war forced Japan to pay a staggering 203 million reparations.
However, the Qing Dynasty did not have much money. Russia then approaches the Qing government. And countries in Europe, including Russia, lend money to the Qing Dynasty.
And Russia demands of the Qing Dynasty. Since they have lent money and mediated with Japan, Russia is asking them to lend them land. It is a port city called "Lüshun" in the "Peninsula of the Peninsula". The Qing Dynasty accommodates this demand.
Why did Russia want "Lüshun"?
"Lüshun" is, in fact, very cold in winter. By the way, Lüshun is an area where the sea does not freeze in winter. From Russia's point of view, it is a very coveted region.
And since the Qing Dynasty can't repay the money, it takes away the entire "Peninsula of the Peninsula" altogether. In addition, France and Germany, which helped mediate with Japan, also get cities from the Qing Dynasty.
France acquires Guangzhou, Germany acquires Qingdao. It is said that Qingdao beer is now famous in China because of the colonial history of Germany.
As these foreign forces seize the Qing Dynasty's territory, there is naturally a movement of alien exclusion among the Qing people. The largest of them was the "Legion of Righteousness Incident."
The incident spread throughout the Qing Dynasty as the Qing government helped with the Legionnaires. The Qing people kill foreigners, destroy churches, railways, and power lines.
Naturally, Western countries have a huge backlash. At that time, the countries with interests in the Qing Dynasty are united to invade Beijing, the capital of the Qing Dynasty. There are a whopping 8 countries. "England, Russia, the United States, France, Italy, Germany, Austria, Japan" invade.
Beijing, the capital of the Qing Dynasty, is quickly occupied, and the Legion of Righteousness is destroyed. And the Qing Dynasty government signs a "Beijing Protocol" treaty with Western powers.
Here an incident takes place in which Britain and Japan are angry with Russia. Russia sends few troops to Beijing, the capital of the Qing Dynasty, and sends troops to Manchuria to occupy it. And even after the end of the ordeal of the Legionnaires, they do not withdraw their troops.
● Before the start of the "Anglo-Japanese Alliance" and the "Russo-Japanese War"
Britain's great dislike of Russia, and the fact that Russia does not want to advance into the unfrozen seas through the occupation of Manchuria, wants to marry Russia without spending much of its national power. It is the country of "Japan" that we present as a surrogate.
In 1902, Britain and Japan formed an alliance, and the British gave Japan the skills it needed to strengthen its naval strength and lent them money.
In alliance with the United Kingdom, Japan is supported by the United Kingdom's partner country, the United States.
As Japan gains strong alliances and support, its military strength becomes similar to that of Russia.
Japan had learned from the Sino-Japanese War the mistaken idea that war would be money, so it continued to increase its armaments with the idea that the Russo-Japanese War would also be money.
Russia wants to revive its past experience of attracting Germany and France to join forces with Germany and France against Japan. In the 20th century, however, France was more concerned with keeping Germany in check, so it did not respond to Russia's demands. Germany did not help Russia because it was concerned that the United States would help Japan in earnest.
Still, Russia persistently conducted diplomacy and a joint statement was issued between Russia and France. If you touch Russia, France will not stand still. But as France looks at Britain, the joint statement becomes meaningless.
Russia now had to stand up to Britain and the US-backed Japan alone. Then the war began in 1904.
● The course of the Russo-Japanese War and the occupation of Lüshun
Japan, as it did during the Sino-Japanese War, launches a surprise attack without a declaration of war. They defeat the Russian fleet stationed in Korea, land in Incheon, the Korean Empire, and invade the Gyeongbok Palace in Seoul.
He then threatens "Gojong", the emperor of the Korean Empire, to conclude a treaty between the Korean Empire and Japan. The key is that the Korean Empire provides unconditional support to Japan.
Japan now goes to war with Russia on the territory of the Korean Empire and wins and sends Russia out of the Korean Empire.
At the time, among Japan and Russia, the most advantageous country in the long war was Russia. Because if the Siberian Railway is completed, Russia will be able to send more troops. So Japan had to end the war quickly.
Battles take place in the "Lüshun", a key region of Russia's possession. At sea, the Japanese fleet invaded, but it was not easy to capture by sea by the Russian Far Eastern fleet.
So we want to capture Lüshun by land through the Korean Empire. However, when the Russians fortified the "203 Highlands" near Lüshun and resisted, the occupation was not easy.
At the time, the Japanese commander of the Russo-Japanese War, Nogi Maresuke, simply used the ignorant method of "advance" to inflict casualties on 60,000 Japanese soldiers.
Deciding that it would be difficult to capture the "203 Highlands" in the same way as above, the Japanese government appoints "Gentaro Kodama", the commander-in-chief of Japan's first colony, Taiwan, as Chief of Staff of Manchuria at the time.
"Gentaro Kodama" comes up with the idea of capturing the 203rd Highlands, which is to bring a coastal artillery from mainland Japan, mount it on land, and shoot shells.
The shore gun had a 28 cm caliber compared to a normal gun, allowing it to shoot at a great distance. As a result of planting coastal artillery on land and attacking the 203rd Highlands, the Japanese eventually captured the 203rd Highlands.
Then, at the occupied 203rd Heights, the Japanese again mounted their coastal artillery on land, firing shells at the Russian Far Eastern Fleet moored at the port of Lüssame.
Eventually, the Russian Far Eastern Fleet was annihilated in January 1905 and the Russian army surrendered, leaving Lüshun occupied by the Japanese.
Even in March 1905, the Japanese occupied Shenyang in the Turbulent Region, which was densely populated by the Russian Army.
● Departure of the Russian "Baltic Fleet", obstruction of the British, and annihilation of the Baltic Fleet
With Japan winning a lot of battles between Russia and Japan, Russia thinks the war will go into a long war. So Russia decides to send an additional fleet. Originally, Russia wanted to send a "Black Sea Fleet" stationed in the Black Sea.
But at this time, the British get in the way. Britain stated that based on the "Neutralization of the Black Sea" regulations signed at the end of the Crimean War of 1856, Russia violated the regulations when moving its fleet in the Black Sea, giving it reason to go to war with Britain.
Russia, which is at war with Japan, sends out a "Baltic Fleet" that is further away from the British because it cannot afford it.
However, Britain hinders Russia's advance on the "Baltic Fleet", and in the British colonies, the Baltic Fleet is prevented from receiving supplies. In addition, as Britain presses other countries not to help Russia, Russia suffers from receiving energy. Moreover, the voyage was not easy, as Germany hindered the supply of coal.
In the colonies of France and the Netherlands, however, the Baltic Fleet was able to receive energy and food.
However, the "Baltic Fleet" did not pass through the British "Suez" canal, which allowed it to quickly reach Asia. It eventually took longer, and in May 1905 a single fleet was able to reach the Korean Strait without falling.
Originally, the purpose of Russia was not to fight the Japanese fleet. First of all, they went to Vladivostok, Russia, to do maintenance, and then they fought.
However, he encountered a Japanese fleet guarding the road to Vladivostok and fought against a Japanese fleet that had done a lot of naval training. The Japanese commander "Heiachiro Togo" uses a new and dangerous tactic.
When the Japan Sea Army advances in a line and encounters the Russian fleet, they suddenly make a turn. In fact, the navy was the most vulnerable at this time, and if Russia fired its artillery, the Japan Sea could be annihilated. However, thanks to a lot of training, they make a quick turn and a full-fledged Japanese fleet attacks the Russian Command.
With the sinking of the Russian Command, the Russian fleet, having lost its command fleet, is eventually annihilated.
● After the Treaty of Reinforcement and the outcome of the Russo-Japanese War
Russia was defeated in battle, but was contemplating a long war. The Siberian Railway would soon be completed, and Russia still had the strength to fight. However, because of internal problems in Russia, it was not easy to go through the war.
Japan won the battle, but it did not occupy the Russian mainland, and I was surprised to find that the cost of the war was so much higher than expected. In addition, the casualties were so great that it became difficult to go to war.
Eventually, the two countries begin negotiations on a reinforcement treaty in Portsmouth with U.S. mediation. Initially, Japan demanded that Russia recognize Japanese domination of the Korean Empire, give Russia half of Russia's Sakhalin, and give war reparations.
From Russia's point of view, the interests of the Korean Empire could be relinquished, but territorial and war reparations were never granted. It was better to go to war.
After months of negotiations, Russia and Japan conclude the "Treaty of Strengthening Portsmouth". Instead of accepting Japanese control of the Korean Empire, the Japanese requirement of Japanese domination, the acquisition of half the island of Sakhalin, and the withdrawal of Russian troops from Manchuria, Russia did not pay Japan war reparations.
However, the above reinforcement treaty has expressed dissatisfaction in Japan. The Japanese people felt the sweet taste of reparations in the Sino-Japanese War, and they are angry because they do not have war reparations. This outrage leads to the burning of a police station in Japan.
In addition, Japan spent a total of 2 billion yen on war expenses. We spent 200 million yen in the Sino-Japanese War, and we spent 10 times that in the Russo-Japanese War.
Even 1.3 billion yen is debt. 6.5 billion yen was borrowed in half each from the UK and the US. And the other half of the debt was forcibly sold by issuing public bonds to the Japanese people.
However, Japan was able to increase its power in East Asia in earnest, and later began a full-scale imperialist expansion.
In Russia, in the aftermath of the war, communist forces at home grew sharply. The Russian imperial family suppresses the revolutionary forces, but the revolutionary forces grow larger and larger. It was only in Russia that the National Assembly was inaugurated, which later led to the fall of the imperial family due to the Russian Revolution of 1917.
● In closing
The Russo-Japanese War is not just a war between Russia and Japan, but a war in which you can see the situation in various countries and the international situation at the time. In the process, South Korea and China were sacrificed, and we could see the evil side of imperialism.
Moreover, with Russia losing a lot of its national power, the UK's foreign strategy is also disrupted. It becomes difficult to use its own trilateral negotiators, Russia and France, to keep Germany in check.
As Germany's national strength grew larger and stronger, and its naval power became more powerful, Britain could not ignore Germany. I don't want to go to war with Germany, so I used France and Russia, but France is weaker than Germany, and Russia is weaker in the war with Japan, so the British will keep Germany in check.
This military expansion was the result of the First World War in 1914. For those who originally have a new weapon, it is the human instinct to want to use it.
Germany wanted to beat England, and Britain needed to suppress Germany.
The Russo-Japanese War is a trailer for World War 1.